language techniques

1
-“You ought to be ashamed of yourself,” said Alice, “a great girl like you,” (she might well say this), “to go on crying in this way! Stop this moment, I tell you!”

2
-“Mine is a long and a sad tale!” said the Mouse, turning to Alice, and sighing.
-“It is a long tail, certainly,” said Alice, looking down with wonder at the Mouse’s tail; “but why do you call it sad?”

3
-"You see the earth takes twenty-four hours to turn round on its axis—”
-“Talking of axes,” said the Duchess, “chop off her head!”

4
-“And how many hours a day did you do lessons?” said Alice, in a hurry to change the subject.
-“Ten hours the first day,” said the Mock Turtle: “nine the next, and so on.”
-“What a curious plan!” exclaimed Alice.
-“That’s the reason they’re called lessons,” the Gryphon remarked: “because they lessen from day to day.”

5
First came ten soldiers carrying clubs: ...after these came the royal children. Next came guests. And, last of all that grand procession, came the king and queen of hearts.

6
In another moment down went Alice after it.

7
…so Alice ventured to taste it, and finding it very nice, (it had, in fact, a sort of mixed flavour of cherry-tart, custard, pine-apple, roast turkey, toffee, and hot buttered toast…

8
The Pool of Tears

1
The word "great" has two meanings: 1)“great” - «большая (взрослая)» and 2) “great” - «большая (высокая)». Alice was too big that she couldn't fit through the doors.
Translation of Н.М. Демуровой:
"- Стыдись, - сказала себе Алиса немного спустя. Такая большая девочка (тут она, конечно, была права) - и плачешь! Сейчас же перестань, слышишь?"

2
Words "tale"- «сказка» and "tail"- «хвост» are homonyms, so Alice mistook tale for tail.
Translation of Н.М. Демуровой:
- Это очень длинная и грустная история, - начала Мышь со вздохом. Помолчав, она вдруг взвизгнула:- Прохвост! - Про хвост? - повторила Алиса с недоумением и взглянула на ее хвост. - Грустная история про хвост?

3
Here Alice tries to share with the Duchess her knowledge of the world by telling her about "axis"- "ось", but the Duchess uses word "axes"- "топоры" and calls for Alice's execution. In this example, the wordplay is about puns that have a similar sound but completely different meaning and spelling. Such words are called homonyms.
Translation of Н.М. Демуровой:
-"Ведь земля совершает оборот за двадцать четыре часа…- Оборот? - повторила Герцогиня задумчиво. И, повернувшись к кухарке, прибавила: - Возьми-ка ее в оборот! Для начала оттяпай ей голову!

4
In this passage, word play is achieved through parallelism as Gryphon uses two words '"lesson" - "урок" and "lessen"- "уменьшаться" in the same sentence. These two words are homophones.
Translation of Н.М. Демуровой:
- А долго у вас шли занятия? - спросила Алиса, торопясь перевести разговор. - Это зависело от нас, - отвечал Черепаха Квази. - Как все займем, так и кончим. - Займете? - удивилась Алиса. - Занятия почему так называются? - пояснил Грифон. - Потому что на занятиях мы у нашего учителя ум занимаем… . А как все займем и ничего ему не оставим, тут же и кончим. В таких случаях говорят: «Ему ума не занимать»… Поняла?

5

To give a ceremonious atmosphere, the author uses inversion by swapping the predicate and the subject.

6

In the example, the adverb "down" is brought forward in front of the verb and noun, giving the impression that the heroine has suddenly and swiftly fallen into a hole.

7

In this example, the author uses an oxymoron - combining incompatible things. The result is so absurd that it makes it amusing.

8

Hyperbole is excessive exaggeration. Alice, being of enormous size, cried a sea of tears, and therefore "pool of tears" becomes a hyperbole.
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